Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Law - Essay Example Essentially, in CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd, the court decided that the down to earth advantage gathering to the promisor comprised thought for the extra payment.2 Moreover, in the Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd, The inhabitants depended upon the guideline of estoppel against the landowner and kept him from upgrading the rent.3 Besides, in Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd, the Law Lords decided that the guarantee was official during the time of suspension, and that in the wake of outfitting sensible notification, the proprietors could get the pay payments.4 For our situation, the Idyllic Hotels Limited remained to understand an extensive benefit, if the work were to be finished in time. Simultaneously, if there was any postponement in the development, the room appointments would have been dropped, prompting extensive misfortune to Idyllic Hotels Limited. This viable advantage establishes the thought for additional installment. Prohibition statements fall under the domain of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and the Unfair Terms of the Consumer Contract Regulations 1999. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 renders organizations at risk for infringement or circumvention of legal commitments, in the typical course of business. In Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking the court held that the avoidance proviso was not material, since the exception statement had not been remembered for the agreement. Consequently, the organization was held obligated for the individual injury caused because of its negligence.5 In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd, the latter’s endeavor to sidestep risk by falling back on an avoidance statement was denied by the Court of Appeal, which held that the litigants were at risk for any harm brought about by fire, due to their negligence.6 The Vitus Equipment Hire Ltd had given a damaged stepping stool to Urban. The result

Multiculturalism in Children’s Writing in the US in the 1980s

Presentation This paper will right off the bat give an outline of the historical backdrop of multicultural children’s writing. Also, it will delineate key speculations and discussions encompassing multicultural children’s writing in the United States. Thirdly the article will break down two books set inside the Israeli-Palestinian clash that were distributed in the United States in the late 1980s †The Flag Balloon and Israel Is. The exposition will investigate if and how multiculturalism is introduced in the content and the pictures and distinguish how the Israeli-Palestinian clash is educated in the books. Every examination will likewise evaluate whether the multiculturalism in the content and the pictures appears to be forced or regular. The investigation of each book will likewise quickly survey whether the multiculturalism is regular or forced in the general public at the time each book was distributed. THE HISTORY OF MULTICUTURALISM IN CHILDREN’S LITERATURE As indicated by Gopalakrishnan (2010), there is constrained proof and much discussion regarding when multicultural children’s writing started. For instance, certain scholars contend that multicultural writing originates before the twentieth century (Norton and Norton 2003; Sims Bishop 2007). Despite when multicultural children’s composing was made, most scholars concur that before 1965, the quantity of multicultural children’s books was restricted (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The year 1965 is depicted as the defining moment for multicultural writing when a generally distributed article entitled ‘The All White World of Children’s Books’ (Larrick 1965) started a whirlwind of action in the years tailing it. In the article, Larrick (1965) portrays a study she directed, where she found that of 5206 books distributed in 1962, 1963 and 1964, just 349 or 6.7% remembered African American characters for their content or delineations. After this article was distributed, two critical gatherings shaped: the Council on Interracial Books for Children (in 1965/1966) and the Coretta Scott King Award, built up for writers and artists of African American and Black plummet in 1972 (Gopalakrishnan 2010). After the arrangement of these gatherings, another investigation like that of Larrick (1965) was directed in 1979 by Jeanne Chall and her associates. In this study Chall found that there was over a 100% expansion in the quantity of children’s books that highlighted an African American character (14.4% of all children’s multicultural writing in the United States) (Cohen and Cowen 2008). As per Cohen and Cowan (2008) in the late 1980s and mid 1990s multicultural children’s distributing encountered a spray. Practically all significant distributers expanded their multicultural book records and the quantity of littler distributers having some expertise in multicultural books expanded. This expansion was because of affectability and developing mindfulness on the publisher’s part and furthermore the need to buy these books as the school socioeconomics and prerequisites changed. Since multicultural children’s books presently structure an increasingly critical piece of the artistic scene, the subject has pulled in various scholars and researchers who have built up their own speculations encompassing children’s multicultural writing Banks and Banks (2001). Despite the fact that scholars of multicultural children’s writing endeavor to conjecture and dissect a horde of themes encompassing the subject of multicultural children’s writing, one of the fundamental hypothetical discussions encompasses the inquiry, what characterizes multicultural children’s writing? There are three hypothetical methodologies encompassing the meaning of multicultural writing. The main methodology is the comprehensive methodology. Backers of this methodology contend that all writing ought to be characterized as multicultural since, as they would like to think, each person is multicultural and every individual may portray their personality in an assortment of ways (Shannon 1994; Schwartz 1995; Fisherman 1995). The subsequent methodology is the various + culture approach. This methodologies contends that multicultural children’s composing is characterized as books that are essentially about more than one culture in a general public paying little heed to who is the prevailing gathering and who is the ruled (Cai 1998). Bloor’s (2010) meaning of multiculturalism grows above and beyond from the numerous + societies definition and portrays a multicultural society as not one where different societies just exist, however one where assorted variety is advanced and the mosaic of societies is praised and empowered. The third methodology is the elite methodology. This methodology is one where the scholars accept that children’s multicultural writing should just be characterized as writing that is about populaces that have encountered minimization and abuse. A few advocates of this methodology express that multicultural children’s writing should just be characterized as writing by and additionally about ethnic minorities since this type of writing offers non-white individuals the chance to have a voice. (Lindgren 1991; Harris as refered to in Cai, 2002). Notwithstanding the various ways to deal with characterizing multicultural children’s writing, Sims Bishop has given us a hypothetical characterization of multicultural books. Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) isolates multicultural children’s writing into three sub gatherings: blend writing, socially cognizant writing and socially cognizant writing. Blend books are described by those where beside skin shading or a social definition, the story could apply to any character in the United States (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The subsequent sub gathering of children’s multicultural writing is arranged as socially cognizant books. As per Sims Bishop (2007), socially cognizant books present one social gathering and its exceptional encounters to the standard to make â€Å"socially conscious† or to instruct the bigger gathering about the hardships of an extraordinary social gathering. The principle motivation behind socially cognizant books is â€Å"to cause compassion and compa ssion [and] to advance resilience for racial integration or integration† (Sims Bishop 2007: 61). Thirdly, socially cognizant books, as indicated by Sims Bishop (1982), are those that delineate the dialects and social customs of a group’s encounters regularly from an insider’s point of view. The working meaning of multiculturalism in this paper will be the subsequent methodology, the numerous + culture definition where there is more than one culture in a general public paying little heed to who is the predominant gathering and the commanded. The examination will likewise investigate whether the books grow to Bloor’s (2010) adaptation of multiculturalism where the mosaic of culture is energized and celebrated. While examining how multiculturalism is introduced in each book, Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) characterization of multicultural children’s writing might be applied to the examination. THE FLAG BALLOONHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND THE IMAGES OF THE FLAG BALLOONMulticulturalism is shown quickly on the front of this book and in the second line of content. The front of the book has been outlined in the shades of the Palestinian banner. Banners are a methods for speaking to a character, and there must be a ‘identity’ if there is a ‘other’ (Berreby 2008). In spite of the fact that banners tend be illustrative of a nation, state or country, the second line of content in the book reveals to us that this banner is unquestionably not for a nation. The storyteller attests ‘I have a banner however no country’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). The storyteller keeps on saying ‘the officers who involve my town and make all the laws state it isn't right to fly my flag’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). From this content we can find that these are a gathering of individuals who are a piece of a nation where thei r way of life, customs and even personality may not be acknowledged. In any case, this content unmistakably exhibits that this a general public wherein the officials have distinctive ideological convictions to those speaking to the social minority. In synopsis, utilizing Cai’s (1998) meaning of multiculturalism, numerous societies living in one society, the spread page and first page of content portrays a multicultural, though awkward society. Multiculturalism is additionally exhibited in the content, while at the same time illuminating the peruser about the Israeli-Palestinian. For instance, the dad of the storyteller says he is ‘making bread for the family whose house was devastated by the soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 11). We are educated that ‘the troopers shut down the school’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15) and the narrator’s sibling is ‘beaten up by soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15). The content is instructing the peruser about the preliminaries and challenges experienced by the Palestinians in the town. This is an away from of Sims Bishop’s (1982, 2007) sub class of socially cognizant, multicultural, children’s writing where the peruser is educated regarding the hardships of the network (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The pictures of banner day further accentuate the challenges looked by the Palestinians and urges the peruser to feel compassion and compassion toward their circumstance. This is a further exhibit that this book is a case of socially cognizant multicultural writing. There are three pictures portraying how upbeat, euphoric and happy the Palestinians are on banner day. Right off the bat, on page 23, in the square where the merriments of banner day are because of occur, every individual has a grin all over. Also, on page 25 there are six Palestinian men playing a progression of instruments; while playing the instruments they have blesses their countenances. Thirdly, page 25 portrays five individuals holding Palestinian banners

Introducing Our EasyBib Citation Tool for Cambridge Core

Introducing Our EasyBib Citation Tool for Cambridge Core (0) We’ve expanded EasyBib, a Chegg Service’s popular citation generation and export feature to Cambridge Core, the new home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Bringing together over 32,000 ebooks and 380 journals for the first time, Cambridge Core is designed to help readers and researchers make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. The new EasyBib citation tool makes it a breeze for Cambridge Core users to cite any article, chapter, or book from this collection. In order to use this citation tool for yourself, conduct a search within Cambridge Core and bring up a Search Results page. To cite a single resource, click “Export Citation” under the resource listing and the tool will appear. The citation will display in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, or any one of several citation styles you can choose from. You may download the citation or export it directly to by clicking on the “EasyBib” button at the bottom of the tool. You will then be sent to a citation form in that automatically fills in any data available from Cambridge Core. This form also allows you to confirm information before submitting everything to create a citation. To cite several sources at once, check your resource selections, then go to the bottom of the lefthand column. Under “Actions for selected content:” choose “Export citations” and the tool will appear. A similar feature was previously provided by RefMe, Chegg’s newest acquisition. Since the changeover, the RefMe widget in Cambridge Core was retired and the EasyBib citation tool was launched with the same great automatic citing features students love. In addition, RefMe’s main citation services and webpage have transitioned into Cite This For Me, a Chegg service that helps users create free citations, reference lists, and bibliographies automatically using APA, Chicago, Harvard, and MLA  citation formats.

Sole Proprietorship and Company Case Studies

Executive summary There are several factors that are generally considered in the starting of a business. These factors include availability of capital, skills available, location of the business among others. In an advanced level, one should also consider the tax implications of starting each particular business. There are several forms of business formations. Depending on the owner’s preference, one may decide to start a sole proprietors business, a partnership or incorporate a company. This study will majorly discuss the modes of formation of a sole proprietorship and a company, the advantages of running these types of business and the suitability of such businesses at different levels of revenue. We shall however dwell on the in depth analysis of the after tax returns to the owners of the business for each form of business formation. Sole proprietorship Formation This is the simplest form of business formation. This business is owned and run by a single owner although he may enlist the assistance of family members. There are several advantages to the formation of this business as explained below. Small amount of capital is required at the start up stage. Since only one person runs this form of business, capital may not be a major set back Decision making is quite fast since only one individual is involved unlike a corporation or partnership where wide consultations may be required to approve any decision. In a sole proprietorship, the owner gets all the profits unlike in companies or partnerships where the profit is shared amongst the owners. It’s very easy to form a proprietorship business since very few formalities and legal requirements are necessary in the formation of this business. There are several shortcomings that rock this form of business. Any losses that may arise in the course of business are borne by only one person, the owner. Bad decisions are likely to be made since the owner makes them solely without much consultation There is overburdening the owner with too much work since he has to do virtually everything on his own. It is not very easy to raise capital for a sole proprietor since he may not have enough collateral to secure loans from financial institutions limiting his scope of expansion. Company This is probably the most complex business formation. There are several requirements for a company to be incorporated. After the members have agreed to form the company, they must agree on the major business objective which is included in the memorandum of association, one of the documents required by the company registrars for the formation of the business. After the owners have raised the required capital, they must submit the following documents to the registrar before the company is incorporated: Memorandum of association This document defines the relationship between the business and outsiders. It contains the following clauses. Name- this gives the desired name of the company as intended by the owners Location clause- this clause indicates the physical address of the company, usually the head office of the business. Capital- this indicates the authorized capital for the company; this capital must be raised before the company is incorporated. Liability- this clause mentions whether the company is a limited company or not and its limited, whether its limited by guarantee or by shares. Just to mention a few. Article of association This is the internal constitution in the business and it governs the internal affairs of the business.   All issues pertaining the management and members rights and obligations, appointment, dismissal and terms of directorship are discussed in this document. Rules relating to dividends are also available in this document. Declaration by members- this document simply confirms that the members have agreed to form the said business. Declaration by directors- here the directors confirm their acceptance to act as directors of the company. After the promoters of the company present the above documents to the register of the company, a certificate of incorporation is issued. For public companies though, a certificate of trade is required for them to commence business. Despite the above formalities and other legal requirements, companies have very many advantages compared to other forms of business formations. These are explained below: Limited liability the liability of a company is limited to the capital contributed and personal property cannot be attached incase of insolvency. Ability to raise capital- due to the large collateral that may be available to the company besides the owners contributions, companies are able to get financing from financial institutions. Professional management- due to the nature of the business and the legal entity status, the business is run separately from family and domestic issues in amore professional way. Other advantages that relate to this form of business include the benefits of incorporation which include: the ability to own property in its own name, ability to sue and be sued among other factors arising from the separate legal entity status. After an analysis of the theoretical issues governing these forms of businesses, we shall now evaluate the suitableness of each of these business formations from the benefits that accrue to the owners of the business after federal taxes have been deducted, beginning from given revenue levels. We shall begin our analysis with the sole proprietor. Sole proprietorship Revenue 30000 Expenses Salaries and wages 18000 Electricity 1000 Rent and rates 2000 Licenses 500 Postages 1000 Miscellaneous expenses 200  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚      22700 Net profit before tax 7300 Tax computation for the entity Assuming a single individual is involved in this business, the following taxes will apply. 0-8375 USD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10% 8376-34000 USD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15% 34000-82400 usd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..25% 82401-171850†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦28% 171854-373650†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦33% 373651+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35% Since in a sole proprietorship the owner gets all the profits, the profit becomes the income of the owner and it’s thus taxed on him at the graduated scale rates as follows; The income lies in the bracket of 0-8375 so it’s taxed at the rate of 10% leaving the owner of the business with 7300-(10%*7300) = 6570. YEAR II At a revenue level of 60,000, the analysis will be as follows. Revenue 60000 Salaries and wages 36000 Electricity 3000 Rent and rates 3000 Licenses 2000 Postages 1000 Miscellaneous 400  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   45400 Net profit before tax 14600 The money that remains after tax will be computed as: 8375*10% = 837.5 (14600-8375) 0.15   = 879.75 Profit after tax = 14600-(837.5+879.75) = 12882.75 Year III At a revenue level of 180,000, the tax computation will be analyzed as follows, Revenue 180000 Expenses Salaries and wages 108000 Electricity 8000 Rent and rates 10000 Licenses 2200 Postages 4000 Miscellaneous   4000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   151800 Net profit before tax   28200 The net profit after tax is computed as follows; 8375*10%   =   873.5 (28200-8375)*15%   =   2973.75 Profit after tax   = 28200-(873.5+2973.75) = 24352.75 Year IV At a revenue level of 375000, the after tax profit can be computed as follows; Revenue 375000 Expenses Salaries and wages 225000 Electricity 20000 Rent   20000 Postages   3000 Licenses   5875 Miscellaneous   10000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   283875 Net profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   91125 The after tax net profit to the owner is computed as follows 8375*10% = 837.5 34000*15% = 5100 48750*25%   = 12187.5 Profit after tax   =   91125-(837.5+5100+12187.5) = 73000 Year V Starting with revenue of 650,000 the analysis will be as follows Revenue 650000 Expenses Salaries and wages  Ã‚   390000 Rent and rates   30000 Electricity  Ã‚   35000 License   20000 Postages   6833 Miscellaneous expenses   10000   491833 Net profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   158167 After tax profit retained is calculated as follows; 8375*10% =   873.5 34000*15% =   5100 82400*25%   = 20600 33392*28%  Ã‚   = 9349.76 Net profit after tax   = 158167-(873.5+5100+20600+9349.79) = 122243.74 The owner of the business is left with the after tax net profit as the net income since he gets all the profits. In the case of company the analysis is different in the following way; The owners of the business are a paid fee that is tax deductible when computing tax liability. The corporate tax rate is a flat rate of 35% The expenses in a company are slightly different from those of the sole proprietorship as shown by the illustrations below. Year I Beginning with a revenue level of 30,000, the analysis will be: Revenue 30000 Expenses Salaries and wages   10000 Directors fees   2000 Loan interests   1000 Rent and rates   2000 Electricity   5000 Commissions 2200 Miscellaneous expenses   500  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   22700   Net profit before tax  Ã‚   7300 Tax will be computed as 35%*7300 = 2555 The value available to the owners of the business will be 7300-2555=4745 Year II With a revenue level of 60,000, the tax analysis will be as follows Revenue 60000 Expenses Salaries and wages 30000 Director’s fees   3000 Electricity   6000 Rent and rates   4200 Commissions   1200 Miscellaneous expenses   1000  Ã‚  Ã‚   45400  Ã‚   14600 After tax net profit is computed as 14600-(35%*14600) = 9490 Year III Computation Revenue   180000 Expenses Salaries and wages 108000 Directors fees   5800 Rent and rates 16000 Electricity   13000 Commissions   7000 Miscellaneous expenses 2000  Ã‚  Ã‚   151800 Net profit before tax   28200 Profit after tax=28200-(0.35*28200) =  Ã‚   18330 Year IV Computation Revenue    375000 Expenses Salaries and wages  Ã‚   210000 Directors’ fees   15375 Rent and rates  Ã‚   15000 Electricity 10000 Commissions   8500 Miscellaneous expenses   5000  Ã‚  Ã‚   283875 Profit before tax 91125 Net profit after tax 91125-(35%*91125) =   Ã‚  Ã‚   59231.25 Year V Revenue 650000 Expenses Salaries and wages   400000 Directors fees 15000 Commissions 15833 Rent and rates 25000 Miscellaneous expenses   8000 Electricity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18000     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   491833  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚   158167 Tax computation is as follows 158167-(35%*158167) =   102808 From the analysis above, it’s evident that corporations bear a larger amount of tax compared to the sole proprietorship business. At the various revenue levels, the corporation pays a large amount of tax compared to the sole proprietor. This issue can also be viewed from the fact that the owners of the business are already paid in the corporations in the form of directors fees. Whilst the sole proprietor is charged final tax at the graduated scale rates indicated above, the owners of the company are charged double tax, at the corporation level and at personal level. The amount they earn as directors fees is still subject to the prevailing income tax rates. In my opinion, its preferable to run a sole proprietorship business since at all levels of income, the after tax profit is more than the one for an incorporated company at the same pre tax profit. References Brumbaugh, David L. Esenwein, Gregg A., Gravelle, Jane G., â€Å"Overview of the Federal Tax System,† Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, updated June 2, 2006 Hart, Phil, Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any?, 3rd edition, (Alpine Press, 2005) Johnson, Calvin H. â€Å"Fixing the Constitutional Absurdity of the Apportionment of Direct Tax,† Constitutional Commentary, Volume 21 No. 2 (June 2004), p.  295 Becraft, Larry. Uncertainty of the Federal Income Tax Laws, (Sept. 1, 1999), Thorndike, Joe, â€Å"An Army of Officials: The Civil War Bureau of Internal Revenue,† Tax History Project, Dec. 21, 2001. Skinner, Otto. The Biggest â€Å"Tax Loophole† of All, (San Pedro: Otto U. Skinner, 1997) Stratton, Lawrence M. Jr. and Moore, Stephen and Roberts, Paul Craig, â€Å"The Roots of the Income Tax,† National Review, April 17, 1995

The Effects Of Violence On Youth And More - 898 Words

The Effect of Violence In Media on Youth and More For many years there have been links to how violence in media has been glorified as something harmless and normal especially dealing with music, video games, and social media. Often the disbelief of how violence in media cannot affect the brain is under looked but studies have shown otherwise. Indiana University School of medicine has linked visible alterations MRI brain scans for those who have played violent video games for about a week. In this case it has been shown that there has been an activation of the prefrontal portion of the brain otherwise know as the amygdala which activates the emotion center, but can also trigger, anger, aggression, and impulse behavior (Dale). Other interesting studies from Virginia Tech have shown several of their students violent and non-violent with an obvious increase in hostile behavior. The University of Alabama have conveyed coincidental results stating that the aggression did not just occur after but stayed with the students for quite sometime . Macquarie University for children’s health have researched that children who view violent movies were most likely going to view the world as unsympathetic or scary which could provoke aggression. Furthermore, the video game industry has collect around $66 billion dollars globally in 2012 with amongst 85% of those video games contributing to violence. Parental skills may have some effect on child behavior it ultimately depends on what you allowShow MoreRelatedViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). 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Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologist, Schools, and Law Enforcement not only in the United States but across the world, have been seeking out a correlation between violent video games and violence in youth. They are desperately trying to find an answer for the increase in violent attacks in many venues such as malls, churches, random shootingsRead MoreThe Rate For Youth Committing Extremely Violent Crime1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough the rate for youth committing extremely violent crimes have been low, it is still a disturbing deed that happens in Canada. Violent crimes are described by the Province of Ontario as: â€Å"...a composite measure that includes homicide, attempted homicide, assaults, sexual assaults and robbery.† (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2013). There are many different reasons why these type of crimes could occur before adulthood. Some factors that could cause this type of behaviour are:

Scha Free Essays

Problems at Perrier Perrier may well be the iconic brand in the world of mineral waters. However, regardless of the profile of the brand, the company that produces the bottled sparkling mineral water is having a tough time. It is the focus of what one commentator describes as â€Å"a vicious struggle underway for the soul of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Scha or any similar topic only for you Order Now The origins of the Perrier company can be traced to 1898 when a local doctor, Louis-Eugene Perrier, bought the mineral water source near Vergeze, France. The company grew steadily but demand really escalated in the late 1980s when it became highly fashionable and championed by a range of admirers including Wall Street yuppies. At its peak (1989), Perrier sold 1. 2 billion bottles (830 million in 2003), almost half to consumers in the United States. The boom years were good for the Perrier workers. Buoyant profits were associated with regular pay rises, social benefits, and extra holidays. However, in 1990, the finding of a minute trace of benzene in a bottle led to the collapse of U. S. sales. By 1992, annual output had halved and the company was close to bankruptcy. At this point it was bought for $2. 7 billion by Nestle, the world’s largest food company. Attracted by the combination of bottled water as a fast-growing business and the world’s best known mineral water brand, Nestle identified Perrier as an attractive takeover target. However, Perrier struggles to turn a profit. In 2003 its pretax profit margin on $300 million sales was only 0. 6% compared with 10. 4% for the Nestle Waters division overall. In 2004 it again recorded a loss. The Perrier factory is on a 234-acre site on the Mediterranean coastal plain near Nimes. The factory itself is rather nondescript, so much so that â€Å"from a distance it could be mistaken for a power station or auto plant. † Perrier employees work a 35-hour week and earn an average annual salary of $32,000 which is good for this part of France and relatively high for this industry. However, the average Perrier worker produces only 600,000 bottles a year, compared with 1. 1 million bottles at Nestle’s two other international French mineral-water brands (Vittel and Contrex). Relations between management and workers are not good. Almost all (93 percent) of Perrier’s 1,650 workers belong to the CGT, a union that is viewed by the management as consistently resisting Nestle’s attempts to improve Perrier’s financial performance. According to Nestle CEO Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, â€Å"We have come to the point where the development of the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT. † Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier, sees the situation differently. In regard to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he protests, â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it likes. He says, â€Å"There are men and women who work here†¦ Morally speaking the water and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region. † When, in 2004, Danone launched a new product (Badoit Rouge) that was designed to directly compete with Perrier’s new super-bubbly brand, Eau de Perrier, Perrierâ₠¬â„¢s management put bottles of Badoit Rouge in the factory cafeteria. This had been done to emphasize the point to Perrier employees that they were involved in a head-to-head battle for that niche in the market. However, this act was not well received. â€Å"It was a provocation,† recalls one Perrier truck driver. â€Å"We took the bottles and dumped them in front of the factory director’s door, so he couldn’t get into his office. † QUESTIONS 1. Identify the key elements of the resistance to change described in this situation. 2. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In so doing, identify what approach(es) to managing resistance you recommend and provide a clear justification for your choice. How to cite Scha, Papers

Management for Supply Chain

Questions: 1. What are the challenges in concurrent product and supply chain design in regards to key characteristics of the development chain at Porsche? 2. How can design for logistics concepts be applied to (i) control logistics costs and (ii) make the supply chain more agile/responsive and (iii) more efficient for the new Porsche 911? 3. How can the postponement concept and repositioning of the push-pull boundary assist in developing an Assemble-To- Order (ATO) or Build-To-Order (BTO) manufacturing strategy for the new Porsche 911? 4. Can inventory management and risk pooling theory be used to explain the rationale for an ATO strategy for a new Porsche 911? Answers: Introduction Porsche is a German car manufacturer. The company primarily focuses on the manufacture of Sports cars, SUVs, and sedans. However, it also possesses operations in other fields as well. The company was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931 and has since then evolved to become one of the leaders in automobile manufacturers. The headquarters of the company are located in Stuttgart, Germany and owned by Volkswagen AG. The company has been the creator of a large number of iconic cars and as such, the lineup includes 911, Panamera, Boxster, Cayman, Cayenne and the Macan. Porsche has for long focused on the quality of its cars and as such, has undertaken a large number of steps in order to make itself distinct from its competitors. The brand value of the company is also linked to the various successes in the various fields including customer satisfaction. Porsche as such has evolved to be one of the most recognized names in the automobile industry with many models becoming synonymous with spo rts cars. Discussion (1). Porsche has had a well functioning strategy ever since its inception. Porsches supply chain strategy is a lean strategy that aims at understanding the customers needs and then acting accordingly. The lean strategy is one that provides less time for the development of the product and putting it out to the market. The strategy then evaluates the customers reactions and shortcomings in the product and then proceeds to correct those(Blanchard, 2010). The supply chain is thus a system that makes it easier to identify the orientation of the customers. The success of the supply chains can be traced by looking at the numbers that speak volumes about the companys success. In 1992, the number of cars sold by Porsche was 15,083. By 2012, the number had risen to 151,999. The turnover of the company also increased manifold during this period. While the annual turnover in 1992 was 978 million Euros, by 2012, it was 13,865 million Euros. The supplier base of Porsche consists of 650 suppliers, 22,00 0 active part numbers, 750 dealers and 125 markets ("Carbon wheels for Porsche 911", 2012). In addition to this, Porsche has a huge number of after sales service stations and also a large number of spare parts manufacturers and suppliers across the world. While the system might provide the company with the ability to formulate a supply chain that is flexible and cost efficient, the main challenge that it provides is in the department of the development chain. The challenge that the company faces due to a lean strategy is that the company is not able to develop a new product to the utmost level (Fernie Sparks, 2009). While Porsche has been for long a company that relies on innovation, it needs to create products that are not just new to the market but also possess a high quality. The challenge is created because of a short throughput time. Because of a tight timeframe in which, the company is supposed to manufacture and launch products; it misses out on certain important departments . The new cars may be developed but the problem in this process is that since the company goes to market them as soon as they are created, the shortcomings of the car might be overlooked (Weele, 2010). In such a case, while the company may reach out to the customers later after the units have been sold, the damage to the companys reputation is already done. The impact on the development chain is indeed serious as it is one of the factors that highly affect the companys overall brand image and well being(Gattorna, 2009). The challenge of maintaining a high product quality in a short time is indeed serious as the company has to be constantly alert about each and every unit going out of its manufacturing units. The company also faces challenges in its supply chain system due to the limited time frame. The assessment of the supply chains is not done properly due to such a strategy (Burt, Starling, Dobler, 2003). The supply chains are all treated on the same level and as a result, the c ompany does not locate which chain to be given more priority according to the number of customers, the value etc. All in all, the challenges that the company faces is because of the limited time frame in the lean marketing system. In such a case, the companys main challenges are maintaining the quality of the concurrent product and locating the efficiencies of the supply chains. (2). (i) Porsche is a company that has a considerable presence in a large number of countries where it is a major player. Also, Porsche is a major player in all those countries. In such a case, Porsche cannot take any matter lightly. Porsche must aim at keeping its hold over each and every market. In such a case, The company needs to make its presence felt very strongly in every location and as such, must make considerable spending in various sectors (Hoek, 2006). The logistics department of Porsche, which involves the activities relating to the procurement, transport, transshipment and storage of goods is thus an important factor that affects the company as a whole. The logistics of Porsche accounts for around 30% of each products landed cost. Porsche can use a few of the design for logistics concept in order to control its logistics cost. The first step in this is in the operational sector. The company must at present develop a team to monitor the transportation costs. the company mainl y focuses on the production and does not take into account what steps to take in matters of transportation (Hugos, 2003). However, that is an important factor as that would significantly reduce charges. Also, Porsche can create a system of automated compliance system that would reduce human errors and also possible scams in the companys legal dealings. (ii) Porsche follows a system of a lean supply chain and as such needs to make its supply chain much more agile. However, Porsche cannot do away with its lean system as it is one of the most important systems in the modern age. And since Porsche has for long followed a procedure of a lean system, it cannot do away with it (Lean supply chain, 2006). In such a case, the company must focus on creating a hybrid system. While a lean supply chain management focuses on the output of the company and looks for anything that does not add value. In such a case, the lean system is one that eliminates waste and does not allow anything that would just prove to be a waste of resources and energy. The agile system, on the other hand, creates a supply chain that is responsive to the customers (Mentzer, 2001). An agile system is also, as the name suggests, able to work fast and gain the market share by quickly meeting up with the needs in the supply chains. The logistics are an important factor and th e design for logistics concepts can provide the company with the much-needed idea of how to create an agile system. The part of the design for logistics that needs to be taken into account in order to facilitate the formation of the agile system is the department of delivery (Myerson, 2012). The delivery system, when monitored, would provide the company with the exact steps to be taken in order to make the essential changes that would provide a quick delivery and satisfy the customer. The company should also make few changes in its after sales departments in order to encourage the process. (iii) The logistics cost is the prime factor when it comes to creating an efficient system for any company. The logistics cost of Porsche makes up for around 30% of the landed cost of the companys products (Packowski, 2014). The company should formulate a process that monitors the total costs and wastages that are incurred in the various delivery processes. The company can then proceed to form a system that maintains the department in a manner that takes into account the processes that would provide the least expenditure in the transport and would also provide the company with the means to locate where to manufacture in a manner that the overall expenditure of manufacture and transport would be kept at a minimum (Rudzki, 2006). (3). The Porsche 911 is one of the flagship cars of the company and as such, it is continuously evolving. In such a situation, the company needs to identify whether it follows an Assemble to Order or Build to Order strategy. If the company uses the postponement theory, building an Assemble to Order is one of the best ideas to be put into place (Schniederjans, Schniederjans, Schniederjans, 2010). In the postponement theory, the product is one that can be manufactured that can be modified at a later point. In the case of the 911, Porsche has for long been able to mold the car to the preferences of the modern customer. In such a case, the postponement theory works because the model of 911 is subject to constant change. However, once a new model is launched, the customers would like to add the new features to their cars that are of an older model. In such a case, the idea of creating a product that can be modified in the future holds much value. Since the vehicles are now able to be modified , the company can then follow the Assemble to order policy to create the spare parts of the car separately ("Special Topic Forum on Resources and Supply Chain Management", 2013). In such a case, the company stands to benefit financially from the sale of parts. The push-pull system is one where the information and products are either pushed or pulled. The company can follow a process of push-pull strategy where they push the products towards the customers or the customers pull the products. Since the 911 has been such an iconic car, the car has always been pulled by the customers. However, a build to order is not a very viable option as the company does not stand to benefit financially from it to a large level. Utilizing a build to order strategy would only provide the company with the capital that it gains from the sales. However, the company needs to keep in mind the idea that the after sales are a large department from which the company sustains itself. (4). Inventory management is one of the prime factors in a company that decides to follow a build to order strategy in its manufacturing (Wincel, 2004). The inventory management refers to the management of the various things that go into the manufacture of the product. The inventory management for the Porsche 911 needs to be one which is exclusive. Since 911 is a one of a kind the car, it is quite practical to manage its inventory individually. The inventory of the car can thus be one that is updated frequently. The inventory management should monitor for the spare parts and other things that would go into the making of the car in an assemble to order system (Waters, 2007). However, it should also look for parts that are not in use anymore and can thus be used for other purposes. The risk pooling is thus an important factor in deciding the manner in which the inventory is supposed to be managed. The management of the inventory is dependent on a large extent to the relative demand in the l ocation where the inventory is located. In such a case, the risk pooling would provide the company with an ideal view of the demands in the various locations. The company can thus proceed to form an inventory based on what needs to be taken into account. Conclusion The supply chain management of Porsche is a lean structure and has been successful to date. However, the company needs to take into account the various factors that would promote its adaptation and evolution in the industry. Porsche is one of the most recognized brands in the automobile industry and the 911 is an iconic model. However, this means that the quality and supply chains along with the services need to be made even stronger in order to maintain the value of the vehicle. The perfect balance between the lean and the agile system can be achieved when the company formulates a strategy that makes its supply chain perform utilizing the resources to their best efficiency. References An, C. Fromm, H. (2005).Supply chain management on demand. Berlin: Springer. Blanchard, D. (2010).Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Burt, D., Starling, S., Dobler, D. (2003).World class supply management. Carbon wheels for Porsche 911. (2012).Reinforced Plastics,56(5), 8. Dolgui, A., Sodek, J., Zaikin, O. (2005).Supply chain optimisation. New York: Springer. Fernie, J. Sparks, L. (2009).Logistics retail management. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Gattorna, J. (2009).Dynamic supply chain alignment. Farnham, UK: Gower. Hoek, R. (2006).Agile supply chain. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Hugos, M. (2003).Essentials of supply chain management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Lean supply chain. (2006). New York. Mentzer, J. (2001).Supply chain management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Packowski, J. (2014).Lean supply chain planning. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Rudzki, R. (2006).Straight to the bottom line. Ft. Lauderdale: J. Ross Pub. Sabri, E. Shaikh, S. (2010).Lean and agile value chain management. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Schniederjans, M., Schniederjans, D., Schniederjans, A. (2010).Topics in lean supply chain management. New Jersey: World Scientific. Special Topic Forum on Resources and Supply Chain Management. (2013).J Supply Chain Manag,49(2), 137-137. Weele, A. (2010).Purchasing supply chain management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Wincel, J. (2004).Lean supply chain management. New York, NY: Productivity Press. References