Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Law - Essay Example Essentially, in CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd, the court decided that the down to earth advantage gathering to the promisor comprised thought for the extra payment.2 Moreover, in the Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd, The inhabitants depended upon the guideline of estoppel against the landowner and kept him from upgrading the rent.3 Besides, in Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd, the Law Lords decided that the guarantee was official during the time of suspension, and that in the wake of outfitting sensible notification, the proprietors could get the pay payments.4 For our situation, the Idyllic Hotels Limited remained to understand an extensive benefit, if the work were to be finished in time. Simultaneously, if there was any postponement in the development, the room appointments would have been dropped, prompting extensive misfortune to Idyllic Hotels Limited. This viable advantage establishes the thought for additional installment. Prohibition statements fall under the domain of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and the Unfair Terms of the Consumer Contract Regulations 1999. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 renders organizations at risk for infringement or circumvention of legal commitments, in the typical course of business. In Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking the court held that the avoidance proviso was not material, since the exception statement had not been remembered for the agreement. Consequently, the organization was held obligated for the individual injury caused because of its negligence.5 In Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd, the latter’s endeavor to sidestep risk by falling back on an avoidance statement was denied by the Court of Appeal, which held that the litigants were at risk for any harm brought about by fire, due to their negligence.6 The Vitus Equipment Hire Ltd had given a damaged stepping stool to Urban. The result

Multiculturalism in Children’s Writing in the US in the 1980s

Presentation This paper will right off the bat give an outline of the historical backdrop of multicultural children’s writing. Also, it will delineate key speculations and discussions encompassing multicultural children’s writing in the United States. Thirdly the article will break down two books set inside the Israeli-Palestinian clash that were distributed in the United States in the late 1980s †The Flag Balloon and Israel Is. The exposition will investigate if and how multiculturalism is introduced in the content and the pictures and distinguish how the Israeli-Palestinian clash is educated in the books. Every examination will likewise evaluate whether the multiculturalism in the content and the pictures appears to be forced or regular. The investigation of each book will likewise quickly survey whether the multiculturalism is regular or forced in the general public at the time each book was distributed. THE HISTORY OF MULTICUTURALISM IN CHILDREN’S LITERATURE As indicated by Gopalakrishnan (2010), there is constrained proof and much discussion regarding when multicultural children’s writing started. For instance, certain scholars contend that multicultural writing originates before the twentieth century (Norton and Norton 2003; Sims Bishop 2007). Despite when multicultural children’s composing was made, most scholars concur that before 1965, the quantity of multicultural children’s books was restricted (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The year 1965 is depicted as the defining moment for multicultural writing when a generally distributed article entitled ‘The All White World of Children’s Books’ (Larrick 1965) started a whirlwind of action in the years tailing it. In the article, Larrick (1965) portrays a study she directed, where she found that of 5206 books distributed in 1962, 1963 and 1964, just 349 or 6.7% remembered African American characters for their content or delineations. After this article was distributed, two critical gatherings shaped: the Council on Interracial Books for Children (in 1965/1966) and the Coretta Scott King Award, built up for writers and artists of African American and Black plummet in 1972 (Gopalakrishnan 2010). After the arrangement of these gatherings, another investigation like that of Larrick (1965) was directed in 1979 by Jeanne Chall and her associates. In this study Chall found that there was over a 100% expansion in the quantity of children’s books that highlighted an African American character (14.4% of all children’s multicultural writing in the United States) (Cohen and Cowen 2008). As per Cohen and Cowan (2008) in the late 1980s and mid 1990s multicultural children’s distributing encountered a spray. Practically all significant distributers expanded their multicultural book records and the quantity of littler distributers having some expertise in multicultural books expanded. This expansion was because of affectability and developing mindfulness on the publisher’s part and furthermore the need to buy these books as the school socioeconomics and prerequisites changed. Since multicultural children’s books presently structure an increasingly critical piece of the artistic scene, the subject has pulled in various scholars and researchers who have built up their own speculations encompassing children’s multicultural writing Banks and Banks (2001). Despite the fact that scholars of multicultural children’s writing endeavor to conjecture and dissect a horde of themes encompassing the subject of multicultural children’s writing, one of the fundamental hypothetical discussions encompasses the inquiry, what characterizes multicultural children’s writing? There are three hypothetical methodologies encompassing the meaning of multicultural writing. The main methodology is the comprehensive methodology. Backers of this methodology contend that all writing ought to be characterized as multicultural since, as they would like to think, each person is multicultural and every individual may portray their personality in an assortment of ways (Shannon 1994; Schwartz 1995; Fisherman 1995). The subsequent methodology is the various + culture approach. This methodologies contends that multicultural children’s composing is characterized as books that are essentially about more than one culture in a general public paying little heed to who is the prevailing gathering and who is the ruled (Cai 1998). Bloor’s (2010) meaning of multiculturalism grows above and beyond from the numerous + societies definition and portrays a multicultural society as not one where different societies just exist, however one where assorted variety is advanced and the mosaic of societies is praised and empowered. The third methodology is the elite methodology. This methodology is one where the scholars accept that children’s multicultural writing should just be characterized as writing that is about populaces that have encountered minimization and abuse. A few advocates of this methodology express that multicultural children’s writing should just be characterized as writing by and additionally about ethnic minorities since this type of writing offers non-white individuals the chance to have a voice. (Lindgren 1991; Harris as refered to in Cai, 2002). Notwithstanding the various ways to deal with characterizing multicultural children’s writing, Sims Bishop has given us a hypothetical characterization of multicultural books. Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) isolates multicultural children’s writing into three sub gatherings: blend writing, socially cognizant writing and socially cognizant writing. Blend books are described by those where beside skin shading or a social definition, the story could apply to any character in the United States (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The subsequent sub gathering of children’s multicultural writing is arranged as socially cognizant books. As per Sims Bishop (2007), socially cognizant books present one social gathering and its exceptional encounters to the standard to make â€Å"socially conscious† or to instruct the bigger gathering about the hardships of an extraordinary social gathering. The principle motivation behind socially cognizant books is â€Å"to cause compassion and compa ssion [and] to advance resilience for racial integration or integration† (Sims Bishop 2007: 61). Thirdly, socially cognizant books, as indicated by Sims Bishop (1982), are those that delineate the dialects and social customs of a group’s encounters regularly from an insider’s point of view. The working meaning of multiculturalism in this paper will be the subsequent methodology, the numerous + culture definition where there is more than one culture in a general public paying little heed to who is the predominant gathering and the commanded. The examination will likewise investigate whether the books grow to Bloor’s (2010) adaptation of multiculturalism where the mosaic of culture is energized and celebrated. While examining how multiculturalism is introduced in each book, Sims Bishop (1982, 2007) characterization of multicultural children’s writing might be applied to the examination. THE FLAG BALLOONHOW IS MULTICULTURALISM PRESENTED IN THE TEXT AND THE IMAGES OF THE FLAG BALLOONMulticulturalism is shown quickly on the front of this book and in the second line of content. The front of the book has been outlined in the shades of the Palestinian banner. Banners are a methods for speaking to a character, and there must be a ‘identity’ if there is a ‘other’ (Berreby 2008). In spite of the fact that banners tend be illustrative of a nation, state or country, the second line of content in the book reveals to us that this banner is unquestionably not for a nation. The storyteller attests ‘I have a banner however no country’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). The storyteller keeps on saying ‘the officers who involve my town and make all the laws state it isn't right to fly my flag’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 7). From this content we can find that these are a gathering of individuals who are a piece of a nation where thei r way of life, customs and even personality may not be acknowledged. In any case, this content unmistakably exhibits that this a general public wherein the officials have distinctive ideological convictions to those speaking to the social minority. In synopsis, utilizing Cai’s (1998) meaning of multiculturalism, numerous societies living in one society, the spread page and first page of content portrays a multicultural, though awkward society. Multiculturalism is additionally exhibited in the content, while at the same time illuminating the peruser about the Israeli-Palestinian. For instance, the dad of the storyteller says he is ‘making bread for the family whose house was devastated by the soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 11). We are educated that ‘the troopers shut down the school’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15) and the narrator’s sibling is ‘beaten up by soldiers’ (Stickles and Townsley 1988: 15). The content is instructing the peruser about the preliminaries and challenges experienced by the Palestinians in the town. This is an away from of Sims Bishop’s (1982, 2007) sub class of socially cognizant, multicultural, children’s writing where the peruser is educated regarding the hardships of the network (Gopalakrishnan 2010). The pictures of banner day further accentuate the challenges looked by the Palestinians and urges the peruser to feel compassion and compassion toward their circumstance. This is a further exhibit that this book is a case of socially cognizant multicultural writing. There are three pictures portraying how upbeat, euphoric and happy the Palestinians are on banner day. Right off the bat, on page 23, in the square where the merriments of banner day are because of occur, every individual has a grin all over. Also, on page 25 there are six Palestinian men playing a progression of instruments; while playing the instruments they have blesses their countenances. Thirdly, page 25 portrays five individuals holding Palestinian banners

Introducing Our EasyBib Citation Tool for Cambridge Core

Introducing Our EasyBib Citation Tool for Cambridge Core (0) We’ve expanded EasyBib, a Chegg Service’s popular citation generation and export feature to Cambridge Core, the new home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Bringing together over 32,000 ebooks and 380 journals for the first time, Cambridge Core is designed to help readers and researchers make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. The new EasyBib citation tool makes it a breeze for Cambridge Core users to cite any article, chapter, or book from this collection. In order to use this citation tool for yourself, conduct a search within Cambridge Core and bring up a Search Results page. To cite a single resource, click “Export Citation” under the resource listing and the tool will appear. The citation will display in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, or any one of several citation styles you can choose from. You may download the citation or export it directly to by clicking on the “EasyBib” button at the bottom of the tool. You will then be sent to a citation form in that automatically fills in any data available from Cambridge Core. This form also allows you to confirm information before submitting everything to create a citation. To cite several sources at once, check your resource selections, then go to the bottom of the lefthand column. Under “Actions for selected content:” choose “Export citations” and the tool will appear. A similar feature was previously provided by RefMe, Chegg’s newest acquisition. Since the changeover, the RefMe widget in Cambridge Core was retired and the EasyBib citation tool was launched with the same great automatic citing features students love. In addition, RefMe’s main citation services and webpage have transitioned into Cite This For Me, a Chegg service that helps users create free citations, reference lists, and bibliographies automatically using APA, Chicago, Harvard, and MLA  citation formats.

Sole Proprietorship and Company Case Studies

Executive summary There are several factors that are generally considered in the starting of a business. These factors include availability of capital, skills available, location of the business among others. In an advanced level, one should also consider the tax implications of starting each particular business. There are several forms of business formations. Depending on the owner’s preference, one may decide to start a sole proprietors business, a partnership or incorporate a company. This study will majorly discuss the modes of formation of a sole proprietorship and a company, the advantages of running these types of business and the suitability of such businesses at different levels of revenue. We shall however dwell on the in depth analysis of the after tax returns to the owners of the business for each form of business formation. Sole proprietorship Formation This is the simplest form of business formation. This business is owned and run by a single owner although he may enlist the assistance of family members. There are several advantages to the formation of this business as explained below. Small amount of capital is required at the start up stage. Since only one person runs this form of business, capital may not be a major set back Decision making is quite fast since only one individual is involved unlike a corporation or partnership where wide consultations may be required to approve any decision. In a sole proprietorship, the owner gets all the profits unlike in companies or partnerships where the profit is shared amongst the owners. It’s very easy to form a proprietorship business since very few formalities and legal requirements are necessary in the formation of this business. There are several shortcomings that rock this form of business. Any losses that may arise in the course of business are borne by only one person, the owner. Bad decisions are likely to be made since the owner makes them solely without much consultation There is overburdening the owner with too much work since he has to do virtually everything on his own. It is not very easy to raise capital for a sole proprietor since he may not have enough collateral to secure loans from financial institutions limiting his scope of expansion. Company This is probably the most complex business formation. There are several requirements for a company to be incorporated. After the members have agreed to form the company, they must agree on the major business objective which is included in the memorandum of association, one of the documents required by the company registrars for the formation of the business. After the owners have raised the required capital, they must submit the following documents to the registrar before the company is incorporated: Memorandum of association This document defines the relationship between the business and outsiders. It contains the following clauses. Name- this gives the desired name of the company as intended by the owners Location clause- this clause indicates the physical address of the company, usually the head office of the business. Capital- this indicates the authorized capital for the company; this capital must be raised before the company is incorporated. Liability- this clause mentions whether the company is a limited company or not and its limited, whether its limited by guarantee or by shares. Just to mention a few. Article of association This is the internal constitution in the business and it governs the internal affairs of the business.   All issues pertaining the management and members rights and obligations, appointment, dismissal and terms of directorship are discussed in this document. Rules relating to dividends are also available in this document. Declaration by members- this document simply confirms that the members have agreed to form the said business. Declaration by directors- here the directors confirm their acceptance to act as directors of the company. After the promoters of the company present the above documents to the register of the company, a certificate of incorporation is issued. For public companies though, a certificate of trade is required for them to commence business. Despite the above formalities and other legal requirements, companies have very many advantages compared to other forms of business formations. These are explained below: Limited liability the liability of a company is limited to the capital contributed and personal property cannot be attached incase of insolvency. Ability to raise capital- due to the large collateral that may be available to the company besides the owners contributions, companies are able to get financing from financial institutions. Professional management- due to the nature of the business and the legal entity status, the business is run separately from family and domestic issues in amore professional way. Other advantages that relate to this form of business include the benefits of incorporation which include: the ability to own property in its own name, ability to sue and be sued among other factors arising from the separate legal entity status. After an analysis of the theoretical issues governing these forms of businesses, we shall now evaluate the suitableness of each of these business formations from the benefits that accrue to the owners of the business after federal taxes have been deducted, beginning from given revenue levels. We shall begin our analysis with the sole proprietor. Sole proprietorship Revenue 30000 Expenses Salaries and wages 18000 Electricity 1000 Rent and rates 2000 Licenses 500 Postages 1000 Miscellaneous expenses 200  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚      22700 Net profit before tax 7300 Tax computation for the entity Assuming a single individual is involved in this business, the following taxes will apply. 0-8375 USD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10% 8376-34000 USD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15% 34000-82400 usd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..25% 82401-171850†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦28% 171854-373650†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦33% 373651+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35% Since in a sole proprietorship the owner gets all the profits, the profit becomes the income of the owner and it’s thus taxed on him at the graduated scale rates as follows; The income lies in the bracket of 0-8375 so it’s taxed at the rate of 10% leaving the owner of the business with 7300-(10%*7300) = 6570. YEAR II At a revenue level of 60,000, the analysis will be as follows. Revenue 60000 Salaries and wages 36000 Electricity 3000 Rent and rates 3000 Licenses 2000 Postages 1000 Miscellaneous 400  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   45400 Net profit before tax 14600 The money that remains after tax will be computed as: 8375*10% = 837.5 (14600-8375) 0.15   = 879.75 Profit after tax = 14600-(837.5+879.75) = 12882.75 Year III At a revenue level of 180,000, the tax computation will be analyzed as follows, Revenue 180000 Expenses Salaries and wages 108000 Electricity 8000 Rent and rates 10000 Licenses 2200 Postages 4000 Miscellaneous   4000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   151800 Net profit before tax   28200 The net profit after tax is computed as follows; 8375*10%   =   873.5 (28200-8375)*15%   =   2973.75 Profit after tax   = 28200-(873.5+2973.75) = 24352.75 Year IV At a revenue level of 375000, the after tax profit can be computed as follows; Revenue 375000 Expenses Salaries and wages 225000 Electricity 20000 Rent   20000 Postages   3000 Licenses   5875 Miscellaneous   10000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   283875 Net profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   91125 The after tax net profit to the owner is computed as follows 8375*10% = 837.5 34000*15% = 5100 48750*25%   = 12187.5 Profit after tax   =   91125-(837.5+5100+12187.5) = 73000 Year V Starting with revenue of 650,000 the analysis will be as follows Revenue 650000 Expenses Salaries and wages  Ã‚   390000 Rent and rates   30000 Electricity  Ã‚   35000 License   20000 Postages   6833 Miscellaneous expenses   10000   491833 Net profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   158167 After tax profit retained is calculated as follows; 8375*10% =   873.5 34000*15% =   5100 82400*25%   = 20600 33392*28%  Ã‚   = 9349.76 Net profit after tax   = 158167-(873.5+5100+20600+9349.79) = 122243.74 The owner of the business is left with the after tax net profit as the net income since he gets all the profits. In the case of company the analysis is different in the following way; The owners of the business are a paid fee that is tax deductible when computing tax liability. The corporate tax rate is a flat rate of 35% The expenses in a company are slightly different from those of the sole proprietorship as shown by the illustrations below. Year I Beginning with a revenue level of 30,000, the analysis will be: Revenue 30000 Expenses Salaries and wages   10000 Directors fees   2000 Loan interests   1000 Rent and rates   2000 Electricity   5000 Commissions 2200 Miscellaneous expenses   500  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   22700   Net profit before tax  Ã‚   7300 Tax will be computed as 35%*7300 = 2555 The value available to the owners of the business will be 7300-2555=4745 Year II With a revenue level of 60,000, the tax analysis will be as follows Revenue 60000 Expenses Salaries and wages 30000 Director’s fees   3000 Electricity   6000 Rent and rates   4200 Commissions   1200 Miscellaneous expenses   1000  Ã‚  Ã‚   45400  Ã‚   14600 After tax net profit is computed as 14600-(35%*14600) = 9490 Year III Computation Revenue   180000 Expenses Salaries and wages 108000 Directors fees   5800 Rent and rates 16000 Electricity   13000 Commissions   7000 Miscellaneous expenses 2000  Ã‚  Ã‚   151800 Net profit before tax   28200 Profit after tax=28200-(0.35*28200) =  Ã‚   18330 Year IV Computation Revenue    375000 Expenses Salaries and wages  Ã‚   210000 Directors’ fees   15375 Rent and rates  Ã‚   15000 Electricity 10000 Commissions   8500 Miscellaneous expenses   5000  Ã‚  Ã‚   283875 Profit before tax 91125 Net profit after tax 91125-(35%*91125) =   Ã‚  Ã‚   59231.25 Year V Revenue 650000 Expenses Salaries and wages   400000 Directors fees 15000 Commissions 15833 Rent and rates 25000 Miscellaneous expenses   8000 Electricity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18000     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   491833  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profit before tax  Ã‚  Ã‚   158167 Tax computation is as follows 158167-(35%*158167) =   102808 From the analysis above, it’s evident that corporations bear a larger amount of tax compared to the sole proprietorship business. At the various revenue levels, the corporation pays a large amount of tax compared to the sole proprietor. This issue can also be viewed from the fact that the owners of the business are already paid in the corporations in the form of directors fees. Whilst the sole proprietor is charged final tax at the graduated scale rates indicated above, the owners of the company are charged double tax, at the corporation level and at personal level. The amount they earn as directors fees is still subject to the prevailing income tax rates. In my opinion, its preferable to run a sole proprietorship business since at all levels of income, the after tax profit is more than the one for an incorporated company at the same pre tax profit. References Brumbaugh, David L. Esenwein, Gregg A., Gravelle, Jane G., â€Å"Overview of the Federal Tax System,† Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, updated June 2, 2006 Hart, Phil, Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any?, 3rd edition, (Alpine Press, 2005) Johnson, Calvin H. â€Å"Fixing the Constitutional Absurdity of the Apportionment of Direct Tax,† Constitutional Commentary, Volume 21 No. 2 (June 2004), p.  295 Becraft, Larry. Uncertainty of the Federal Income Tax Laws, (Sept. 1, 1999), Thorndike, Joe, â€Å"An Army of Officials: The Civil War Bureau of Internal Revenue,† Tax History Project, Dec. 21, 2001. Skinner, Otto. The Biggest â€Å"Tax Loophole† of All, (San Pedro: Otto U. Skinner, 1997) Stratton, Lawrence M. Jr. and Moore, Stephen and Roberts, Paul Craig, â€Å"The Roots of the Income Tax,† National Review, April 17, 1995

The Effects Of Violence On Youth And More - 898 Words

The Effect of Violence In Media on Youth and More For many years there have been links to how violence in media has been glorified as something harmless and normal especially dealing with music, video games, and social media. Often the disbelief of how violence in media cannot affect the brain is under looked but studies have shown otherwise. Indiana University School of medicine has linked visible alterations MRI brain scans for those who have played violent video games for about a week. In this case it has been shown that there has been an activation of the prefrontal portion of the brain otherwise know as the amygdala which activates the emotion center, but can also trigger, anger, aggression, and impulse behavior (Dale). Other interesting studies from Virginia Tech have shown several of their students violent and non-violent with an obvious increase in hostile behavior. The University of Alabama have conveyed coincidental results stating that the aggression did not just occur after but stayed with the students for quite sometime . Macquarie University for children’s health have researched that children who view violent movies were most likely going to view the world as unsympathetic or scary which could provoke aggression. Furthermore, the video game industry has collect around $66 billion dollars globally in 2012 with amongst 85% of those video games contributing to violence. Parental skills may have some effect on child behavior it ultimately depends on what you allowShow MoreRelatedViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). 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Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologist, Schools, and Law Enforcement not only in the United States but across the world, have been seeking out a correlation between violent video games and violence in youth. They are desperately trying to find an answer for the increase in violent attacks in many venues such as malls, churches, random shootingsRead MoreThe Rate For Youth Committing Extremely Violent Crime1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough the rate for youth committing extremely violent crimes have been low, it is still a disturbing deed that happens in Canada. Violent crimes are described by the Province of Ontario as: â€Å"...a composite measure that includes homicide, attempted homicide, assaults, sexual assaults and robbery.† (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2013). There are many different reasons why these type of crimes could occur before adulthood. Some factors that could cause this type of behaviour are:

Scha Free Essays

Problems at Perrier Perrier may well be the iconic brand in the world of mineral waters. However, regardless of the profile of the brand, the company that produces the bottled sparkling mineral water is having a tough time. It is the focus of what one commentator describes as â€Å"a vicious struggle underway for the soul of the business. We will write a custom essay sample on Scha or any similar topic only for you Order Now The origins of the Perrier company can be traced to 1898 when a local doctor, Louis-Eugene Perrier, bought the mineral water source near Vergeze, France. The company grew steadily but demand really escalated in the late 1980s when it became highly fashionable and championed by a range of admirers including Wall Street yuppies. At its peak (1989), Perrier sold 1. 2 billion bottles (830 million in 2003), almost half to consumers in the United States. The boom years were good for the Perrier workers. Buoyant profits were associated with regular pay rises, social benefits, and extra holidays. However, in 1990, the finding of a minute trace of benzene in a bottle led to the collapse of U. S. sales. By 1992, annual output had halved and the company was close to bankruptcy. At this point it was bought for $2. 7 billion by Nestle, the world’s largest food company. Attracted by the combination of bottled water as a fast-growing business and the world’s best known mineral water brand, Nestle identified Perrier as an attractive takeover target. However, Perrier struggles to turn a profit. In 2003 its pretax profit margin on $300 million sales was only 0. 6% compared with 10. 4% for the Nestle Waters division overall. In 2004 it again recorded a loss. The Perrier factory is on a 234-acre site on the Mediterranean coastal plain near Nimes. The factory itself is rather nondescript, so much so that â€Å"from a distance it could be mistaken for a power station or auto plant. † Perrier employees work a 35-hour week and earn an average annual salary of $32,000 which is good for this part of France and relatively high for this industry. However, the average Perrier worker produces only 600,000 bottles a year, compared with 1. 1 million bottles at Nestle’s two other international French mineral-water brands (Vittel and Contrex). Relations between management and workers are not good. Almost all (93 percent) of Perrier’s 1,650 workers belong to the CGT, a union that is viewed by the management as consistently resisting Nestle’s attempts to improve Perrier’s financial performance. According to Nestle CEO Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, â€Å"We have come to the point where the development of the Perrier brand is endangered by the stubbornness of the CGT. † Jean-Paul Franc, head of the CGT at Perrier, sees the situation differently. In regard to the company’s plan to cut 15 percent of its workforce he protests, â€Å"Nestle can’t do whatever it likes. He says, â€Å"There are men and women who work here†¦ Morally speaking the water and the gas stored below this ground belong to the whole region. † When, in 2004, Danone launched a new product (Badoit Rouge) that was designed to directly compete with Perrier’s new super-bubbly brand, Eau de Perrier, Perrierâ₠¬â„¢s management put bottles of Badoit Rouge in the factory cafeteria. This had been done to emphasize the point to Perrier employees that they were involved in a head-to-head battle for that niche in the market. However, this act was not well received. â€Å"It was a provocation,† recalls one Perrier truck driver. â€Å"We took the bottles and dumped them in front of the factory director’s door, so he couldn’t get into his office. † QUESTIONS 1. Identify the key elements of the resistance to change described in this situation. 2. Construct a change management strategy for dealing with this situation. In so doing, identify what approach(es) to managing resistance you recommend and provide a clear justification for your choice. How to cite Scha, Papers

Management for Supply Chain

Questions: 1. What are the challenges in concurrent product and supply chain design in regards to key characteristics of the development chain at Porsche? 2. How can design for logistics concepts be applied to (i) control logistics costs and (ii) make the supply chain more agile/responsive and (iii) more efficient for the new Porsche 911? 3. How can the postponement concept and repositioning of the push-pull boundary assist in developing an Assemble-To- Order (ATO) or Build-To-Order (BTO) manufacturing strategy for the new Porsche 911? 4. Can inventory management and risk pooling theory be used to explain the rationale for an ATO strategy for a new Porsche 911? Answers: Introduction Porsche is a German car manufacturer. The company primarily focuses on the manufacture of Sports cars, SUVs, and sedans. However, it also possesses operations in other fields as well. The company was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931 and has since then evolved to become one of the leaders in automobile manufacturers. The headquarters of the company are located in Stuttgart, Germany and owned by Volkswagen AG. The company has been the creator of a large number of iconic cars and as such, the lineup includes 911, Panamera, Boxster, Cayman, Cayenne and the Macan. Porsche has for long focused on the quality of its cars and as such, has undertaken a large number of steps in order to make itself distinct from its competitors. The brand value of the company is also linked to the various successes in the various fields including customer satisfaction. Porsche as such has evolved to be one of the most recognized names in the automobile industry with many models becoming synonymous with spo rts cars. Discussion (1). Porsche has had a well functioning strategy ever since its inception. Porsches supply chain strategy is a lean strategy that aims at understanding the customers needs and then acting accordingly. The lean strategy is one that provides less time for the development of the product and putting it out to the market. The strategy then evaluates the customers reactions and shortcomings in the product and then proceeds to correct those(Blanchard, 2010). The supply chain is thus a system that makes it easier to identify the orientation of the customers. The success of the supply chains can be traced by looking at the numbers that speak volumes about the companys success. In 1992, the number of cars sold by Porsche was 15,083. By 2012, the number had risen to 151,999. The turnover of the company also increased manifold during this period. While the annual turnover in 1992 was 978 million Euros, by 2012, it was 13,865 million Euros. The supplier base of Porsche consists of 650 suppliers, 22,00 0 active part numbers, 750 dealers and 125 markets ("Carbon wheels for Porsche 911", 2012). In addition to this, Porsche has a huge number of after sales service stations and also a large number of spare parts manufacturers and suppliers across the world. While the system might provide the company with the ability to formulate a supply chain that is flexible and cost efficient, the main challenge that it provides is in the department of the development chain. The challenge that the company faces due to a lean strategy is that the company is not able to develop a new product to the utmost level (Fernie Sparks, 2009). While Porsche has been for long a company that relies on innovation, it needs to create products that are not just new to the market but also possess a high quality. The challenge is created because of a short throughput time. Because of a tight timeframe in which, the company is supposed to manufacture and launch products; it misses out on certain important departments . The new cars may be developed but the problem in this process is that since the company goes to market them as soon as they are created, the shortcomings of the car might be overlooked (Weele, 2010). In such a case, while the company may reach out to the customers later after the units have been sold, the damage to the companys reputation is already done. The impact on the development chain is indeed serious as it is one of the factors that highly affect the companys overall brand image and well being(Gattorna, 2009). The challenge of maintaining a high product quality in a short time is indeed serious as the company has to be constantly alert about each and every unit going out of its manufacturing units. The company also faces challenges in its supply chain system due to the limited time frame. The assessment of the supply chains is not done properly due to such a strategy (Burt, Starling, Dobler, 2003). The supply chains are all treated on the same level and as a result, the c ompany does not locate which chain to be given more priority according to the number of customers, the value etc. All in all, the challenges that the company faces is because of the limited time frame in the lean marketing system. In such a case, the companys main challenges are maintaining the quality of the concurrent product and locating the efficiencies of the supply chains. (2). (i) Porsche is a company that has a considerable presence in a large number of countries where it is a major player. Also, Porsche is a major player in all those countries. In such a case, Porsche cannot take any matter lightly. Porsche must aim at keeping its hold over each and every market. In such a case, The company needs to make its presence felt very strongly in every location and as such, must make considerable spending in various sectors (Hoek, 2006). The logistics department of Porsche, which involves the activities relating to the procurement, transport, transshipment and storage of goods is thus an important factor that affects the company as a whole. The logistics of Porsche accounts for around 30% of each products landed cost. Porsche can use a few of the design for logistics concept in order to control its logistics cost. The first step in this is in the operational sector. The company must at present develop a team to monitor the transportation costs. the company mainl y focuses on the production and does not take into account what steps to take in matters of transportation (Hugos, 2003). However, that is an important factor as that would significantly reduce charges. Also, Porsche can create a system of automated compliance system that would reduce human errors and also possible scams in the companys legal dealings. (ii) Porsche follows a system of a lean supply chain and as such needs to make its supply chain much more agile. However, Porsche cannot do away with its lean system as it is one of the most important systems in the modern age. And since Porsche has for long followed a procedure of a lean system, it cannot do away with it (Lean supply chain, 2006). In such a case, the company must focus on creating a hybrid system. While a lean supply chain management focuses on the output of the company and looks for anything that does not add value. In such a case, the lean system is one that eliminates waste and does not allow anything that would just prove to be a waste of resources and energy. The agile system, on the other hand, creates a supply chain that is responsive to the customers (Mentzer, 2001). An agile system is also, as the name suggests, able to work fast and gain the market share by quickly meeting up with the needs in the supply chains. The logistics are an important factor and th e design for logistics concepts can provide the company with the much-needed idea of how to create an agile system. The part of the design for logistics that needs to be taken into account in order to facilitate the formation of the agile system is the department of delivery (Myerson, 2012). The delivery system, when monitored, would provide the company with the exact steps to be taken in order to make the essential changes that would provide a quick delivery and satisfy the customer. The company should also make few changes in its after sales departments in order to encourage the process. (iii) The logistics cost is the prime factor when it comes to creating an efficient system for any company. The logistics cost of Porsche makes up for around 30% of the landed cost of the companys products (Packowski, 2014). The company should formulate a process that monitors the total costs and wastages that are incurred in the various delivery processes. The company can then proceed to form a system that maintains the department in a manner that takes into account the processes that would provide the least expenditure in the transport and would also provide the company with the means to locate where to manufacture in a manner that the overall expenditure of manufacture and transport would be kept at a minimum (Rudzki, 2006). (3). The Porsche 911 is one of the flagship cars of the company and as such, it is continuously evolving. In such a situation, the company needs to identify whether it follows an Assemble to Order or Build to Order strategy. If the company uses the postponement theory, building an Assemble to Order is one of the best ideas to be put into place (Schniederjans, Schniederjans, Schniederjans, 2010). In the postponement theory, the product is one that can be manufactured that can be modified at a later point. In the case of the 911, Porsche has for long been able to mold the car to the preferences of the modern customer. In such a case, the postponement theory works because the model of 911 is subject to constant change. However, once a new model is launched, the customers would like to add the new features to their cars that are of an older model. In such a case, the idea of creating a product that can be modified in the future holds much value. Since the vehicles are now able to be modified , the company can then follow the Assemble to order policy to create the spare parts of the car separately ("Special Topic Forum on Resources and Supply Chain Management", 2013). In such a case, the company stands to benefit financially from the sale of parts. The push-pull system is one where the information and products are either pushed or pulled. The company can follow a process of push-pull strategy where they push the products towards the customers or the customers pull the products. Since the 911 has been such an iconic car, the car has always been pulled by the customers. However, a build to order is not a very viable option as the company does not stand to benefit financially from it to a large level. Utilizing a build to order strategy would only provide the company with the capital that it gains from the sales. However, the company needs to keep in mind the idea that the after sales are a large department from which the company sustains itself. (4). Inventory management is one of the prime factors in a company that decides to follow a build to order strategy in its manufacturing (Wincel, 2004). The inventory management refers to the management of the various things that go into the manufacture of the product. The inventory management for the Porsche 911 needs to be one which is exclusive. Since 911 is a one of a kind the car, it is quite practical to manage its inventory individually. The inventory of the car can thus be one that is updated frequently. The inventory management should monitor for the spare parts and other things that would go into the making of the car in an assemble to order system (Waters, 2007). However, it should also look for parts that are not in use anymore and can thus be used for other purposes. The risk pooling is thus an important factor in deciding the manner in which the inventory is supposed to be managed. The management of the inventory is dependent on a large extent to the relative demand in the l ocation where the inventory is located. In such a case, the risk pooling would provide the company with an ideal view of the demands in the various locations. The company can thus proceed to form an inventory based on what needs to be taken into account. Conclusion The supply chain management of Porsche is a lean structure and has been successful to date. However, the company needs to take into account the various factors that would promote its adaptation and evolution in the industry. Porsche is one of the most recognized brands in the automobile industry and the 911 is an iconic model. However, this means that the quality and supply chains along with the services need to be made even stronger in order to maintain the value of the vehicle. The perfect balance between the lean and the agile system can be achieved when the company formulates a strategy that makes its supply chain perform utilizing the resources to their best efficiency. References An, C. Fromm, H. (2005).Supply chain management on demand. Berlin: Springer. Blanchard, D. (2010).Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Burt, D., Starling, S., Dobler, D. (2003).World class supply management. Carbon wheels for Porsche 911. (2012).Reinforced Plastics,56(5), 8. Dolgui, A., Sodek, J., Zaikin, O. (2005).Supply chain optimisation. New York: Springer. Fernie, J. Sparks, L. (2009).Logistics retail management. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Gattorna, J. (2009).Dynamic supply chain alignment. Farnham, UK: Gower. Hoek, R. (2006).Agile supply chain. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Hugos, M. (2003).Essentials of supply chain management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Lean supply chain. (2006). New York. Mentzer, J. (2001).Supply chain management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Packowski, J. (2014).Lean supply chain planning. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Rudzki, R. (2006).Straight to the bottom line. Ft. Lauderdale: J. Ross Pub. Sabri, E. Shaikh, S. (2010).Lean and agile value chain management. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Schniederjans, M., Schniederjans, D., Schniederjans, A. (2010).Topics in lean supply chain management. New Jersey: World Scientific. Special Topic Forum on Resources and Supply Chain Management. (2013).J Supply Chain Manag,49(2), 137-137. Weele, A. (2010).Purchasing supply chain management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Wincel, J. (2004).Lean supply chain management. New York, NY: Productivity Press. References

Papa Roach - Infest free essay sample

The new wave of rock music is upon us, and with it comesa slew of bands trying to make it big. Few have the talent to stand out, but PapaRoach does. I recently picked up their major label debut album,Infest, and I must say I am impressed. This foursome from northernCalifornia can really rock, and any fan of good music will not be let down. Thegroups first single, Last Resort, is already making a splash in themusic scene, and after listening to this album I can see why. Papa Roach combinesthoughtful, observant lyrics with rocking guitar riffs to form a unique brand ofrock. Lead singer Coby Dick uses his distinctive voice to rap and singthought-provoking lyrics about real-world situations and issues. With a talenteddrummer, bassist and guitar player backing him up, Papa Roach is ready to rockthe stage and the music scene. Their moody guitars and screaming lyrics will makeyou want to start a mosh pit on the spot. We will write a custom essay sample on Papa Roach Infest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Amidst a sea of bands jumpingon the new rock bandwagon, Papa Roach stands out with an appealing sound that candeliver a rocking performance. As the chorus to one of their songs says,Were going to infest, were getting in your head. Papa Roach isready to rock the music world, and they will get in your head.

Reflective Report on Cultural Shock The WritePass Journal

Reflective Report on Cultural Shock Executive Summary Reflective Report on Cultural Shock ) illustrate in their study, the single biggest beneficial trait that I could bring into this new setting would be my positive ethical stance.   There are few things more universally valued than the capacity to be honest and fair to each and all of my fellow students. The capacity to alienate one another due to any single cultural factor must be avoided in order to advance the underlying goal of education (Ting-Toomey et al, 2012). With the ability to incorporate a broadening spectrum of intercultural values it is essential to incorporate honesty into every element. 2.1.3 Evaluation This period before leaving for college was good for me.   Alongside the nerves and constant planning, I found myself quite enjoying the potential opportunities. As Chen, Lin, and Sawangpattanakul (2011) describe, the amount of cultural intelligence or CQ that a person possesses the more likely for a smooth transition into the multi-cultural environment. In this case, even though I was a native of Nigeria, my education to date had prepared me for many of the educational leaps that I was about to experience. However, the sheer size of the opportunities easily overwhelms those available in Nigeria. This makes each one of choices seem more important than the next. Utilizing my prior preparation allowed me to make the most of my time as well as lower my personal stress level, making the entire process smoother (Chen et al, 2012). 2.1.4 Analysis My personal feelings of being prepared are obviously at odds with my internal perception.   Even with my prior understanding and preparation, there was still the very strong compunction to bring, buy, or read anything and everything in order to be prepared. The Ting-Toomey et al (2012) study describing the value of confidence   stood out as the single most poignant piece of information: rely on knowledge to guide me. I found myself with less baggage and more confidence. 2.1.5 Conclusion I found that I must rely more on myself and my own growing experience in order to be the best student I could be (Chen et al, 2012).   This basic cornerstone of my education has led me to embrace the unknown and seek to find the best of everything. 2.1.6 Action Plan The single biggest lesson from this period was that as a student I must not over think the situation. To be over prepared can be as bad as being under prepared (Chen et al, 2012). As my opportunities to incorporate new experiences arrive I will be better prepared to approach new situations. 2.2 Induction and Orientation 2.2.1 Description As prepared as I expected myself to be given my efforts, I was surprised by the sheer number of inter cultural opportunities available.   The Trent College level, while substantial, does not offer the world class potential that the University level does, and the rigorous standards and case load reflected this. The very first emotion that I had upon stepping foot on campus was one of being uncertain. As Hofstede (2011) illustrated, the tendency to avoid uncertainty stems from the desire to avoid threat.   With so very many experiences available, which should I avoid and which to make a priority?   Would I find a better academic path given the new opportunities?   Blake, Claudio and Taylor (2009) document the presence of heightened stress and poor performance in the presence of many options. The multitude of decisions that I had to make that first day created a dilemma for me during my initial experiences at Trent University. 2.2.2 Feelings As I entered school that term it was very much like reverse culture shock (Allison, Davis-Berman and Berman, 2011). I went from being relaxed and in charge of my educational experience into a state of the unknown quantity.   I would be these first few days that would serve to determine much of the trajectory of the University efforts.   Therefore the best option is not to isolate myself from the group, but embrace the multi-cultural opportunities as additional components of my education (Allison et al, 2011). There was a hearty mix of trepidation, anticipation and panic as I began term. 2.2.3 Evaluation This initial experience is something that I will carry with me for the rest of my days. As Trowler and Trowler (2010) there should be no hesitation to student engagement.   My fears were rooted more in the potential for the unknown rather than any real factual experience. Therefore the decisions placed before, that at the time seemed so diverse and overwhelming, were in fact ordinary fare. 2.2.4 Analysis There is a basic uncertainty that was clear in my action and feeling during that initial period.   The risk of isolation or over immersion was equally present making it necessary to make careful decisions (Tosutti, Esses and Hagar, 2012).   I found myself with the ability to balance my priorities and make the necessary adjustments in order to make the most of the University.   College level education was much more focused on the preparation for University as opposed to finding roots in real world operation as I found at NTU. 2.2.5 Conclusion Much like my pre-departure period, I learned that my own experiences and education are the best instruments to turn to in times of stress or decision making.   As the Chen et al (2011) illustrated the CQ that a person possesses ads to the capacity for me to attain my scholastic goals. 2.2.6 Action Plan Unlike my time at Trent College any similar event in the future will see me prepared, but not overly so.   Confident, yet excited for the prospects and perhaps most all, certain that I can accomplish the goal given the scope of my skill (Chen et al, 2011). 2.3 Academic Study 2.3.1 Description Chief among my reasons for choosing NTU was the proximity and reputation of the school. The very strong ethical considerations in place serve to enhance the educational choices available to me (Ting-Toomey et al, 2012). Alongside the opportunity presented at the College level that added preparation for advancement, the choice was made easy for me. Yet, the process of evaluation and expected performance had climbed considerably from the college level. This more any other factor proved to provide the largest culture shock. With such a high demand from the students around the world, I had to do well to maintain my place (Ward, Bochner and Furnham, 2013). In my effort to keep pace and even excel, I found myself having trouble processing and learning as effectively as I had at the College level. 2.3.2 Feelings Trompenaar describes a very effective model of cross cultural management that I found very helpful (Marx, 2011).   I felt as if I did not have grasp on the way things worked at the University level.   I had to understand that cultures differ due to orientation, and that the University level was significantly separate from the college experience (Marx, 2011). It was this feeling that led me to the decision that I must not allow my urges to impact my actions because every action was of critical importance at this stage.   My motivation was key to my performance (Marx, 2011) 2.3.3 Evaluation This period of study profited me tremendously.   It was the recognition of ineffectiveness alongside the capacity to adapt that provided me the foundation for building a successful scholastic career (Marx, 2011). 2.3.4 Analysis My approach to my studies was tempered by my lack of experience and confidence in my ability. My tendency to be too specific and compartmentalize did not work anymore and I found myself adrift in terms of study habits (Marx, 2011). Once more, it was my knowledge of relevant theory that allowed for my transition from a place of frustration into a capacity for learning. 2.3.5 Conclusion I found that flexibility was more important than my traditional framework during this period (Marx, 2011). The University culture demanded more than my previous experience that caused me to have to adapt to the situation at hand. 2.3.6 Action Plan Faced with this same learning block I would employ classify my priority is and determine the best step forward. The main dimensions in a cross cultural situation are orientation, task approach and communication, using these I will be able to analyse any scenario (Marx, 2011)    3. NTU Graduate Attributes This section links my learning experiences with the NTU graduate attributes as outlined below. 3.1 Attributes Analysis 3.1.1 Intellectual Ability As I left Trent College, I was confident in my professional skills yet, I was very much aware that I had much more to learn. As the Hofstede Model ably illustrates, the degree of aggregation is equal to the stress level (Hofstede, 2011). To this end I find that my ability to think independently and grasp the University level work has expanded alongside my level of experience. It is my curiosity and drives to learn that serves to propel me along the University ladder.  Ã‚   As Trompenaar and Hampen-Turner (2011) argue, the need to allow the creativity to flow freely enables a well-rounded and comprehensive education. 3.1.2 Information, Communication and Organisational Skills My experience at the college level served to provide a vital foundation for my entry into the university.   This skill, anticipated at my college, allowed me the confidence to begin to utilize the full range of knowledge that I was learning. As Furnham (2010) describes, it is not only the approach to a subject but the manner of its implementation that determines its full potential.   My University education was providing me with the advanced skills to make well founded educational decisions. As Chen et al (2011) argued my personality allowed incorporating my lessons into my personal life, thereby enhancing and smoothing both. 3.1.3 Global Citizenship From such an isolated environment to the open campus of NTU, I have found the educational experience has significantly broadened my horizons. Hofstede (2011) stresses the need to not be isolated from the group, and my ability to work within the educational structure provided as given me a growing appreciation of the fellow students from the around the world that have many of the same goals and desires that I do.   I have learned that it will be my experience that provides me with the tools to be an effective leader in the inter culture environment of today’s business world (Chen, 2011).    4. Conclusion This report has examined the impact that culture shock has had on my educational and study experience since my transition from Nigeria, to the Trent College, to the campus of NTU.   At each stage of the learning experience a new set of challenges was set before me and I was able to use my growing base of knowledge to address these issues. Coming out of Nigeria a primary factor was my lack of confidence and my tendency to avoid confrontation or the perception of academic threat. This attitude only served to limit my options, and that was no way to proceed. I had to face my lack of knowledge and yet forge ahead to address the decisions that had to be made. This experience taught me to reach out and embrace the flexibility that must come with the inter-cultural experience. I found that if I did not remain rigid in my expectations, my time at University could be very rewarding. The transition from the College level to University was as profound as my initial transition from Nigeria to College. I found that instead of focusing on the next academic step, the University opened up the entire horizon. This was the biggest shock of all for me. I have found many of the NTU attributes not only essential but critical during my time here. I need the skill to improve my professional potential, my time at University has shown me that the competition will be tough in every sector of the globe and I must be prepared. My technological expertise has grown boundlessly after given access to the assets on campus, providing even further incentive to learn and excel. NTU has educated me greatly in the area of Global citizenship.   My work with those around me, from so many diverse places, only serves to enhance the opportunities present. Every new idea and concept has the potential to be met with a unique and interesting idea from a different angle. The aim of this report was to reflect on the strengths and detriments of my study experience. I feel that this exercise has allowed me to better understand the elements such as creativity and inclusiveness that is necessary to excel in this emerging global society.   On every level, this study has allowed me to form a better understanding of the isolated Nigerian experience, to the targeted College life and the final opening of boundless University potential.   Each step has come through the expansion of my personal and academic experience.   This allows me to process and understand the many cultural opportunities.   Further, each of these elements combines to give me a far better idea of my scholastic potential: I have the ability to progress as far as my own ambition will take me. As I continue to build on my academic foundation, every step brings me closer to my end goal of achieving my doctoral degree in the field of business. This would allow me to utilize my full education to the very best business advantage. In order to do this I will continue to work to learn the very latest and most relevant theory, coupled with a sound foundation, in order to create the opportunity to find a lifelong career. In the end, this report has helped me to see that it is only the amount of confidence in myself and my abilities that limit my potential. 5. References Allison, P., Davis-Berman, J. and Berman, D. 2012. Changes in latitude, changes in attitude: analysis of the effects of reverse culture shocka study of students returning from youth expeditions.  Leisure Studies, 31 (4), pp. 487503. Blake, B., Claudio, F. and Taylor, R. 2013. EXPERIENCES OF AUSTRALIAN HUMANITARIAN WORKERS. Chen, A., Lin, Y. and Sawangpattanakul, A. 2011. The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: A case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan.International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35 (2), pp. 246258. Furnham, A. 2010. Culture shock: Literature review, personal statement and relevance for the South Pacific.  Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 4 (02), pp. 8794. Gibbs, G. 1988.  Learning by doing. [London]: FEU. Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures: the Hofstede model in context.  Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2 (1), p. 8. Langley, R. 1993. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, by Geert Hofstede.(1991). Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill. 279 pp., $39.95 cloth.  Human Resource Development Quarterly, 4 (3), pp. 319325. Marx, E. 1999.  Breaking through culture shock. London: Nicholas Brealey. Mcneil, N. 2007. F. Trompenaars and C. Hampden-Turner. 2004. Managing people across cultures ISBN-10: 1 84112 472 9 (pbk); ISBN-13: 978 1841 12472 8 (pbk); 382 pages; A $41.95; US $24.95; United Kingdom: Capstone Publishing Ltd.  Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45 (3), pp. 374375. Ting-Toomey, S. 2010. Applying dimensional values in understanding intercultural communication.Communication Monographs, 77 (2), pp. 169180. Tossutti, L., Esses, V. and Hagar, D. 2012. The Social, Cultural and Political Inclusion of Immigrants: Promising Practices.  Analysis of LIP Strategic Plans: Promising Practices, p. 115. Trowler, P. and Trowler, V. 2010. Student engagement evidence summary.  The Higher Education Academy. Van Der Zee, K. and Van Oudenhoven, J. 2013. Culture Shock or Challenge? The Role of Personality as a Determinant of Intercultural Competence.  Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44 (6), pp. 928940. Ward, C., Bochner, S. and Furnham, A. 2001.  The psychology of culture shock. Hove [England]: Routledge.

Customer Relationship - discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Relationship - discussion - Essay Example Sales people who waste a lot of time on building rapport irk me. I prefer a sales person who values and respects the time of their clients understand their clients’ business needs and offer them good solutions. I also dislike cold calling, as I may not be sure about the caller, and sometimes it is hard to create a connection with a stranger. A good sales person to me is one that approaches me in a way that makes me feel that I am not being sold to, but I am buying. This kind will discuss my needs or desires, and may put in a way to show how the product benefits me. This way, I will feel that their aim is to offer me a solution to my needs, and not just interested in my money. b. Imagine yourself as a service rep for an automobile company. You work with customers who have bought one of the cars for the dealer to take care of warranty issues, i.e. the routine things that come due periodically. What are some of the techniques that you would use to build confidence with that customer?   I am more attentive to face-to-face type of communication. This is because it gives me an opportunity to build rapport with the person I am communicating with. Additionally, this form of communication helps me know the reaction of the person, whether they agree with what Iam telling them, whether they dislike it, or whether they are attentive and interested in what I am telling them or not. This is the only communication form that helps me read the body language of people, unlike the other forms where feedback lacks. However, this is rapidly changing as more people today embrace technology. Communication has moved from physical to virtual, where people communicate in chat rooms. At times, I received call and/or emails associated with the business that Im doing business with. Most companies do a better job of allowing the option to release your info being phone number and/or email, but sometimes that doesnt happen. Now, youre

Contextual Anaylysis Are Critique Paper on Stairway at Auvers Essay

Contextual Anaylysis Are Critique Paper on Stairway at Auvers - Essay Example The thick application of paint, the swirling brushstrokes, and the brilliant color in Gogh’s painting provides a landscape that everything seem to move. In the painting, the brushstrokes sweep from the side of the stairway at the center towards all the margins of the canvas. The woman in the painting sways back and forward like curvy path walking down. The stairway seems to be gliding down the hill. His picture of the street occupied with bright blues, greens yellows of the early spring. The texture of brushstrokes makes a person desire to touch the picture (Cahan, 2003). The comprehensive symmetry, recurrent arabesques, the wavy pairings, and the ribbon patterning are among the popular decorative taste of 1890s. The painting has a tilted quality as it amount a dilute tone of green, yellow, and blue, together with white color. A scene of the many encounters and convergence focused upon the central part on the foot of the steps. Having no real dominant, the general effect of the painting is governed by the hectic movement of the unsteady diagonal lines imposed upon the objects of the unlike characters. Repetition of the restless theme is very much impulsive, though, contains many interesting variations. Therefore, the painting soon loses the aspect of ornament and ends up becoming a work of concentrated seeing and an intense passion (In Shindler & Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, 2014). Discovering the contrasting straight lines in the building, the famous red roofs and the stabilizing verticals and horizontals provides the visionary quality of the artistic work. The numerous touches like yellow hats golden doorways and dark windows show the deliberate opposition to prevailing instability in the city. In between the steps and the house, the long coiling triangular shape is significant. It reminds of the cypress and roads in the previous work of ecstatic (In Shindler & Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, 2014). Vincent Van

International Organisation Food And Agriculture Organisation Politics Essay

International Organisation Food And Agriculture Organisation Politics Essay The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, or ONUAA for its French equivalent Organisation des Nations Unies pour lalimentation et lagriculture is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. FAO acts as a neutral forum, serving both developed and developing economies, where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO is a source of information and knowledge, and helps developing countries/ countries in transition to modernise and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring adequate nutritional bal. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates into English as let there be bread. As of 8 August 2008[update], FAO has 191 members states along with the European Union and the Faroe Islands, which are associate members. 2. The Food and Agriculture Organization  [1]  of the United Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger. During its last summit in 2009, plan of action including seven commitments was drawn out. First of it is to ensure an enabling political, social and economic environment for eradication of poverty, most conducive to achieving food security for all. The importance of basic human right to food and sustainable agriculture was acknowledged by the summit. FAO has a special programme for food security which is country based steering committee. Another programme, food security and vulnerability information and mapping system (FIVIMS) is established at world food summit and is monitoring undernourished people and issues of food access. United Nations Development Programme 3. The United Nations Development Programme is concerned with integrating human rights in all global development activity, such as democratic governance, poverty reduction, crisis prevention and recovery, energy and environment  [2]  . Export Credit Agencies (ECA) Watch 4. ECA Watch is an outreach mechanism of a larger international campaign to reform Export Credit Agencies (ECAs). Non-governmental organisations working on issues related to the environment, development, human rights and anti-corruption participating in this campaign lobby national and global ECAs to improve their environmental policies and practices. World Agro forestry Centre 5. The World Agro forestry Centre is an autonomous, not-for-profit research and development institution supported by nearly 60 different governments, private foundations regional development banks and the World Bank whose primary mission is to improve food and nutritional security and enhance environmental resilience in the tropics  [3]  . International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI) 6. Aimed at identifying and analysing policies for sustain ably meeting the food needs of the developing world. The research at IFPRI focuses on economic growth and poverty alleviation in low income countries and the sound management of the natural resource base that supports agriculture  [4]  . IFPRI seeks to make its research results available to all those in a position to use them and to strengthen institutions in developing countries that conduct research relevant to its mandate. Consultative Group on Agricultural Research 7. CGIAR is a strategic alliance of countries, global and regional organisations and private foundations supporting 15 international agricultural centers. It works with national agricultural research systems and civil society organisations to achieve sustainable food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through scientific research and research-related activities in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, policy and the environment  [5]  . Harvest Plus 8. Harvest Plus, one of the CGIARs Global Challenge Programs, seeks to reduce the effects of micronutrient malnutrition by harnessing the power of plant breeding to develop staple food crops that are rich in micronutrients, a process called Bio fortification  [6]  . International Rice Research Institute 9. The International Rice Research Institute, an autonomous, non profit agricultural research and training organisation with offices in more than ten nations aims to find sustainable ways to improve the well-being of poor rice farmers and consumers while protecting the environment  [7]  . International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 10. IIED is a London-based independent, non-profit organisation that promotes sustainable patterns of development through collaborative research, policy studies, networking and knowledge dissemination. It works to address global issues like mining, paper industry and food systems. A 34 year-old organisation with a presence in 18 countries, IIED was the first recipient of the Blue Planet Prize (1992) for outstanding contributions to environmental policy and action  [8]  . Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 11. CIFOR is an international research and global knowledge institution committed to conserving forests and improving the livelihoods of people in the tropics. CIFORs high impact research in 40 countries helps local communities and small farmers gain their rightful share of forest resources, while increasing the production and value of forest products  [9]  . International Water Management Institute 12. IWMI is a non-profit scientific research organization specialising in water use in agriculture and integrated management of water and land resources. The institute works with partners in the developing world to develop tools and methods to help these countries eradicate poverty and ensure food security through more effective management of their water and land resources  [10]  . World Health Organisation 13. The worlds foremost health agency, the World Health Organisation is the United Nations specialised agency for health, established with the objective is to achieve attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health  [11]  . The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) 14. A research institute with five Indian centers and four overseas affiliates, TERI is committed to every finding innovative solutions to critical energy and environment related issues and the challenges posed by sustainable development from providing environment-friendly solutions to rural energy problems to helping shape the development of the Indian oil and gas sector and from tackling global climate change issues across continents to enhancing forest conservation efforts among local communities  [12]   United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 15. Established in 1972, United Nations Environment Programme acts as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable development of the global environment. To accomplish this, UNEP works with a wide range of partners, including United Nations entities, international organisations, governments, non-governmental organisations, the private sector and civil society  [13]  . United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 16. Located in New York. It has separate divisions called sustainable Energy and Environmental division (SEED) and Sustainable Lively hoods unit of poverty. The former focus on food security research and monitoring technical and policy issues e.g. food security action plans and the later focus on field and policy work having direct relevance to food security and emphasis on capacity building  [14]  . Centre for Science and Environment 17. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is an independent, public interest organisation which aims to increase public awareness on science, technology, environment and development  [15]  . Environment News Service 18. The Environment News Service provides daily international news updates on the environment  [16]  . World Bank 19. World Bank is the major founder for Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) which conducts much of Green Revolution related R D. Adequacy Of Role/Contribution Of International Organisation 20. As per UN convention, Industrialised and developed countries are required to spend 0.7 percent of their national income on international aid. However, except Norway, Sweden, Luxemburg, Netherlands and Denmark, no other developed nation is meeting the target. (Data fact Map of UN). Lack of political consensus among developed countries on food security related issues and non implementation of UN convention in terms of national contribution towards aid has further weakened UN standing. Organisation of economic co-operation and development data mentions reduction of aid by 5.1 percent with effect from 2005 to economic crisis looming those countries. A mere scrutiny of mother organisation of world in respect of Global food security i.e Food And agriculture Organisation of United Nation enunciates the level of inadequacy of international agencies dealing with the crisis. 21. There has been severe public criticism  [17]  of FAO performance for the last 30 years. After the 1974 World Food Conference, due to dissatisfaction with the FAOs performance two new organizations ie World Food Council (WFC) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD were created. World Food Programme, which was started as an experimental 3-year programme under FAO, grew in size and independence, with the directors of FAO and WFP struggling for power. Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. wrote that the sad fact is that presently, the FAO has become essentially irrelevant in combating global hunger. In recent years, bloated bureaucracy known for mediocrity of its work and the inefficiency of FAO staff, the FAO has become increasingly politicised. In the same year, the Society journal published a series of articles about FAOs inefficiency and lack of transparency. 22, US State Department expressed the view that The Food and Agriculture Organization has lagged behind other UN organizations in responding to US desires for improvements in program and budget processes to enhance value for money spent. In 1991, The Ecologist magazine produced a special issue written by experts such as Helena Norberg-Hodge, Vandana Shiva, Edward Goldsmith, Miguel A. Altieri and Barbara Dinham under the heading The UN Food and Agriculture Organization: Promoting World Hunger and questioned FAOs policies and practices in forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and pest control. 23. In 1996, World Food Summit organised by FAO was attended by 112 Heads or Deputy Heads of State and Government and concluded with the signing of the Rome Declaration, which established the goal of halving the number of people who suffer from hunger by the year 2015. In the meantime, 1,200 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) from 80 countries participated in an NGO forum. The forum was critical of the growing industrialisation of agriculture and called upon governments and FAO to do more to protect the Right to Food of the poor. Although some progress has been made during the last twenty years, the future is not bright. At the World Food Summit in 1996, high-level policy makers from more than 112 countries agreed to the goal of reducing the number of food-insecure people by half, to 400 million, between 1990 and 2015. At the follow-up Summit in 2002, policy makers from the same countries reaffirmed the same goal. Unfortunately, action does not seem to follow rhetoric. Even after ten years of first summit less than one third of the countries managed to reduce the number of food-insecure people, while one half experienced an increase. 24. To reach this target of world food summit, 22 million people need to escape from food insecurity every year. But only 6 million have been fortunate enough to do so. Given the progress, this commitment seems to have been mere lip service. Till date the countries who undertook this commitment have made choices each year about how to spend money and expend effort and policy goals to pursue. But for the vast majority, food security has never made it near the top of the agenda. With the present policies and approaches now being pursued in most countries and international organizations, there is no possibility of achieving sustainable food security for all in next decade. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations projects that even the more limited WFS goal will be met not by 2015, but by 2050.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay

Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as the organizational function that focuses on recruiting, management, and the directing of the employees that work in the organization. It also deals with compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change. Since most companies will always need the traditional HR functions such as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer – employee conflicts. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a concept defined as the set of additional activities that are beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities are not required in a formal way; that is, they are not stated in a contract nor required by the company. OCB is commonly a behavior of employees towards their company and vice versa. It is clear that the organization’s HRM plays a vital role in implementing OCB through creating a well-established relationship between the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this relationship’s status is critical in the amount of OCB produced by employees where the company must deliver first a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that each company’s HRM has a set of principles and values that are integrated in its overall philosophy, which includes a respectful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in applying that philosophy is related towards how much the employees feel appreciated in their work place and therefore related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is present in all companies and can be considered a cycle. In fact, the HR department encourages OCB through several actions, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational culture where the company protects its employees who are devoted to their company. This report will discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by taking a closer look at the employee – company relationship and the company – employee relationship. Literature Review on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies Encourage OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human resource management has to work on some issues to help encourage each individual to participate in developing the company. The management must ensure that several things should be well done: Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, Selection and Socialization, Evaluation and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified two types of relationships that tie the management and the employees together: the economic relationship and the social relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh’ analysis states that it is more likely for employees to perform OCB under good social conditions than economic (cited in Morrison, 1996). Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons: First, social relationships allow employees to have feelings of mutual trust with the organization and they will build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help enhance the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is ambiguously defined, that is it does not have clear boundaries; therefore employees will more likely include certain citizenship acts in their job tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996). The identification of the employees with the organizational objectives is crucial for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiarize with the values and principles of the company, and hence become a part of its system, which will give a feeling of belonging and an encouragement for being part of the progress of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo believe that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being encouraged and empowered (cited in Morrison, 1996). Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a result of empowerment. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship between the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company. During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes aware of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the responsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as security, progress and training; hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and interest from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is also important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit: by learning about the organization’s objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the new employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996). Similar to selection, socialization is about showing the new employee that the relationship with the organization is based on social exchange. This can be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds within it more value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the company’s objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). There are two extremes stated by Jones in applying socialization. The first is a highly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to engage in informal relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one disadvantage to socialization: when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were expected to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization. OCB by definition includes the set of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, therefore it is not directly rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, O’Reilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by giving a reward to the organization’s performance as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways: first, it will further familiarize the employees with the company’s objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior. Second, by giving an award for the entire company’s performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly specified and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high number of rules and regulation, it is limiting and discouraging the employees’ ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achieved in that organization. A high number of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic exchange relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by determining exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and preventing them from engaging in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must reduce its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Like rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees’ job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce according to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no regard to any other company-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship between employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources needed by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCB: To achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice different means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. Such behavior can be noted in the simplest acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the latter is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another dimension of OCB, is the ability to accept criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written. Consider a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are brainstorming. When the group rejects someone’s idea and the latter accepts that without being offended, he/she is considered to have a sense of sportsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organization’s culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task-improving actions without being asked to do so. This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is yet another dimension of OCB. According to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in development courses that are not required from the company in the attempt of improving one’s skills and broadening one’s knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about upcoming seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates. A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a commitment to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in governing the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and protecting it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights after having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Returning to work right after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is crucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB: Several factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories: employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behaviors. The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or negative. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been found that organizational and task characteristics have little impact on OCB relative to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB. Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her company’s interest. The latter would surely not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not exercising good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the company’s interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the company’s benefit. Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go back to the bigger image, an employee’s characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB increases with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite correlated to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards. The only negative leadership behaviors are contingent and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader specification of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an organization.